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| Εστάλη στις 5-9-2003 στις 15:43 |
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KV7, Tomb of Ramses the Great
General Site Information
Structure: KV 7
Location: Valley of the Kings, East Valley, Thebes West Bank, Thebes
Owner: Rameses II
Other designations: 10 [Hay], 7 [Lepsius], 8 [Champollion], C [Pococke],Commencement d'excavation ou grotte fermιe [Description], K [Burton]
Site type: Tomb
Orientation
Axis in degrees: 324.76
Axis orientation: Northwest
Site Location
Latitude: 25.44 N
Longitude: 32.36 E
Elevation: 169.75 msl
North: 99,621.308
East: 94,063.747
JOG map reference: NG 36-10
Modern governorate: Qena (Qina)
Ancient nome: 4th Upper Egypt
Surveyed by TMP: Yes
Measurements
Maximum height: 5.82 m
Mininum width: 0.74 m
Maximum width: 13.06 m
Total length: 168.05 m
Total area: 868.4 m²
Total volume: 2286.43 m³
Additional Tomb Information
Entrance location: Base of sloping hill
Owner type: King
Entrance type: Ramp
Interior layout: Corridors and chambers
Axis type: Bent
Decoration
Grafitti
Painting
Raised relief
Sunk relief
Categories of Objects Recovered
Sculpture
Tomb equipment
Vessels
Dating
New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, Rameses II
Graeco-Roman Era
New Kingdom, Dynasty 21
New Kingdom, Dynasty 20, Rameses III
History of Exploration
- Pococke, Richard (1737-1738): Mapping/planning
- Napoleonic Expedition (1799): Mapping/planning
- Burton, James (1825): Mapping/planning
- Franco-Tuscan Expedition (1828-1829): Epigraphy
- Lepsius, Carl Richard (1844-1845): Epigraphy
- Lepsius, Carl Richard (1844-1845): Excavation
- Lepsius, Carl Richard (1845): Mapping/planning
- Burton, Harry (1913-1914): Excavation (conducted on behalf of Theodore M. Davis)
- Maystre, Charles (1938): Excavation
- Maystre, Charles (1938): Epigraphy
- Brooklyn Museum (1978): Excavation
- Theban Mapping Project (1979): Mapping/planning
- Leblanc, Christian (1993-): Excavation
- Leblanc, Christian (1993-): Conservation
- Salt, Henry (ca. 1817): Excavation
- Salt, Henry (ca. 1817): Visit
Rameses' II mummy is now located at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
 
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
MR2 club Greece & MR2 club U.K. - International Corfu Meeting 01/05 - 08/05/2009
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| Εστάλη στις 10-9-2003 στις 15:34 |
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Merenptah (Baenrehotephirmaat)
1213 - 1203 B.C.
19th Dynasty
By the time that Ramesses II died, he had apparently outlived twelve of his sons, so it was his 13th son, Merenptah who ascended the throne of Egypt.
Merenptah was old himself by this time, probably nearly sixty years old, and his reign was rather dull, as well as short lived
(perhaps only nine or ten years) in comparison with that of his father's reign. According to the Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, he ruled from
1213 until 1203 BC, while Clayton provides a reign from 1212 until 1202 BC.
Merenptah (also hetep-her-maat, and commonly also called Merneptah) was the king's birth name, meaning "Beloved of Ptah, Joyous is
Truth" ). His throne name was Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, which means "The Soul of Re, Beloved of the Gods".
Merenptah was probably the fourth child of Ramesses II's second principle wife, Istnofret (Isisnofret). He was married to queens Istnofret
(Isisnofret), who must have surely been his sister, and possibly a queen Takhat. His son was Seti-Merenptah, who probably ascended the throne sometime
after his father as Seti II. However, Seti II's reign may have been initially usurped by a Amenmesse who may have been a son of Takhat, though
Takhat's marriage to Merenptah is far from certain.
Merenptah is almost completely unknown until the 40th year of Ramesses II's reign. In fact he may have been heir to the throne
of Egypt for about twelve years prior to Ramesses II's death, but in Ramesses II's year 40, we known the prince was made General of the
Army. Perhaps it is not surprising that what we know of Merenptah's rule is mostly about his military activities. However, he appears not
to have become the heir to the throne until Ramesses II's 55th regnal year, when Ramesses II was celebrating his 80th birthday, and Merenptah his
48th. In fact, in the last decade of Ramesses II's life, Merenptah was probably the real power behind the throne, as Ramesses II was
well advanced in age.
In fact, he is mainly attested to by three great inscriptions, including 80 lines on a wall in the Temple of Amun at Karnak, a large stele with 35
readable lines from Athribis in the Delta and the great Victory Stele from his ruined mortuary temple at Thebes, with 28 lines. All of these text
refer to his military campaigns.
Artist Portrait of what Merenptah may have looked like
The Victory Stele is unique. It was usurped by Merenptah from the mortuary temple of Amenhotep III at Thebes, and is dated to the third day of the
third month of the third season so it may have been written around the summer of 1207. In it, Merenptah lists enemy conquests, but the most
interesting reference is a very rare mention of Israel. It may be the oldest non biblical reference to that country. Because of this, Merenptah
has often been thought to be the pharaoh of the Exodus, though modern opinion leans against such an identification. In part, the stele
states that :
"The princes are prostrate saying: "Shalom!"
Not one of the Nine Bows lifts his head:
Tjehenu is vanquished, Khatti at peace,
Canaan is captive with all woe.
Ashkelon is conquered, Gezer seized,
Yanoam made nonexistent;
Israel is wasted, bare of seed,
Khor is become a widow for Egypt.
All who roamed have been subdued.
By the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Banere-meramun,
Son of Re, Merenptah, Content with Maat,
Given life like Re every day."
However, Merenptah did attempt to maintain the peaceful relations of his father. The Hittite King in Syria faced a possible invasion from the north
and widespread famine, so under the term of the treaty they had made with Ramesses II, they requested assistance from Merenptah, who provided them
with much needed grain.
Merenptah's tomb is number KV 8 located in the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank of Luxor (ancient Thebes). The king
probably died around 1202 BC, but his mummy was not found within his tomb. In the 19th century, this apparently added to the speculation about
him being the Pharaoh of the Exodus, since that king's body would have probably been washed away in the Red Sea. However, that theory
was confounded when, in 1898, his mummy was discovered among 18 others in the mummy cache discovered in the tomb of Amenhotep II (KV
35).
He also built a mortuary temple that lies behind the Colossi of Memnon on the West Bank at Luxor. Much of it was built with stone robbed from the
mortuary temple of Amenhotep III. The structure is currently being studied by Horst Jartz with the Swiss Institute in Cairo. Reports indicate that
some of the fragments discovered include well preserved reliefs, perhaps some of the finest to be found in any temple at Thebes. The Egyptian Ministry
of Culture has now decided to turn this complex into an open museum.
In addition to his tomb and temple we also know that he added to the Osireion at Abydos and also built at Dendera. Merenptah is further attested to by
a "wall stele" at Amada, four almost identical stele from Nubia (at Amada, Amarah West, Wadi Sebua, Aksha), blocks from Elephantine, a
decree from West Silsila, an inscription in the small temple of Medinet Habu, stele from Kom el-Ahmar and Hermopolis (along with other inscriptions),
a victory column at Heliopolis, and several monument remains at Piramesse.
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
MR2 club Greece & MR2 club U.K. - International Corfu Meeting 01/05 - 08/05/2009
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| Εστάλη στις 12-9-2003 στις 16:03 |
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The Mortuary Temple of Merenptah on the West Bank at Luxor
The mortuary temple of Merenptah (Merneptah), Ramesses II's thirteenth son and successor, was mostly destroyed long ago, but recently has been
restored to a large degree and is one of the newest of the sites on the West Bank at Luxor (ancient Thebes) available for sightseeing. The
restoration work was completed by the Swiss Institute of Archaeology in collaboration with Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA).
In addition, a modern museum has been built near the temple complex in order to display items unearthed during the excavations.
Merenptah's Mortuary temple before restoration
During these excavations and restorations, the archaeological team made a number of discoveries, including blocks from a monumental gateway,
fragments of a colossal limestone sphinx and parts of nine jackal-headed sphinxes. We are told by the project director, Horst Jaritz, that
some of these objects were stunning. For example, he notes the find of astonishingly well preserved polychrome reliefs of Amenhotep III, which may be
the finest examples known from Egyptian history.
The New Museum
The structure, which reused considerable material (including statuary) from other monuments (including those of Hatshepsut and Akhenaten), especially
those of Amenhotep III mortuary temple, was excavated by Petrie. However, it should be noted that Amenhotep III's mortuary temple was almost
completely destroyed prior to Merenptah's quarrying of its stone. Petrie discovered the famous Israel Stele here in 1896.
However, this stele too was originally made for Amenhotep III. But it was Merenptah, a 19th Dynasty King, that had the text recarved on its reverse
side to describe his victories over the Libyans and other foreign people, including the earliest known historical reference to Israel.
Interestingly, the original destruction of Merenptah's temple complex resulted from the same forces that took Amenhotep III's structure.
Built not far away from the more ancient temple of Amenhotep III, a Nile flood first swept away the two pylons leading into the temple, along
with the first hypostyle hall, its side chambers, the second hypostyle hall and even the cult chapels. Soon the rest of the building also
collapsed. This was not unlike the destruction of Amenhotep III's complex, though the earlier king's mortuary temple was built so close to
the flood plan that a flood was not required for its demise.
an Osiride Statue of Merenptah
The temple, though much smaller than his fathers (just over half as large), nevertheless copies much of the Ramesseum's design. It is
basically the same, only scaled down in size. Like his father's monument, this mortuary temple featured a forecourt with columns along
its sides, and a palace adjoining the southern wall. Also, the second court featured Osiride pillars at least on its inner side, and may have also had
Osiride statues of the king. After the second court was a twelve columned hypostyle hall, in turn followed by an eight columned and then an inner
sanctuary with related chapels. Here was also found a court with a large sun altar.
There we mudbrick buildings along the sides of the temple including a complex of storage annexes to the north where a "treasury" was found.
A small sacred lake lay to the south within an extension of the complex. The complex as a whole was then surrounded by a mudbrick enclosure wall.
Sources :
* The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Wilkinson Richard
* The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Shaw Ian
* Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor, Strudwick Nigel & Helen
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
MR2 club Greece & MR2 club U.K. - International Corfu Meeting 01/05 - 08/05/2009
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| Εστάλη στις 17-9-2003 στις 11:53 |
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KV8, The Tomb of Merneptah, Valley of the Kings, Thebes
Merneptah was a son of Ramesses II and Queen Isis-Nofret. His tomb (KV 8), located in a small, lateral valley on the right side of the main wadi, was
discovered by Howard Carter in 1903. Of course, Howard Carter was not as famous then, as he would not make his well known discovery of
Tutankhamun's tomb until 1922. Edwin C. Brock carried out additional excavations in the floor of the burial chamber and the shaft more recently.
The tomb is very near his father's huge tomb (KV 7). When discovered, the tomb was full of debris and had stood open since
antiquity. From the Greek and Latin graffiti, we believe that the tomb was at least accessible to at least the first pillared hall.
While Carter discovered little in the way of funerary equipment and furniture, the tomb is very interesting because it marks a distinct transition
between the tombs of the 19th and 20th Dynasty kings. Here, there is a material decrease in the number of lateral rooms, and a dramatic increase in
the height of the corridors and rooms. He did away with the jogged axis used since the time of Horemheb and instead built the entire tomb on a single
axis. Also, for the first time, the entrance was made considerably wider then earlier tombs, giving the feeling of a more imposing facade. However,
while architecturally innovative, the tomb is much more traditional in its decorative themes.
The plan of the tomb is fairly straightforward. There are three initial corridors that first lead to the ritual shaft. The second of these has a
stairway. In the first corridor we find the first decorations, showing the king in the presence of Re-Harakhty. There are also passages from the
"Litanies of Re". The second and third corridors have texts and images related to the "Book of Amduat".
After the ritual shaft is a pillared hall with a two-pillar annex. Uniquely, this decorated room was dedicated to his father, Ramesses II. The cover
of the king's sarcophagus is located in this annex. In the pillared hall, the decorations are from the "Book of Gates". After the
pillared hall is a fourth corridor that leads to a vestibule and finally a fifth corridor before the burial chamber. The vestibule is decorated with
scenes from the "Book of the Dead".
The burial chamber has four annexes, two on the left and two on the right, as well as a complex of annexes at the back. The astronomical
vaulted ceiling of the burial chamber itself is supported by eight pillars arranged in two rows. Here, the main decorative theme returns to
the "Book of Gates", though on the right hand wall there are solar oriented scenes from the "Book of Caverns". In the
center of the burial chamber is part of the king's ornamental cartouche-shaped sarcophagus of pink granite. Actually, there were
originally four stone sarcophagi, consisting of three outer containers of pink (or red) Aswan granite, and a fourth innermost sarcophagus of creamy
white calcite. The outermost sarcophagus was huge, at 4.1 meters (about 13 1/2 feet) long.
It is interesting how the tomb reflects history itself. We know that Merneptah's father, Ramesses II, lived to a very old age and that Merneptah
did not mount the thrown until late in his own life. In fact, he was probably around 70 when he became ruler of Egypt and ordered the
construction of his tomb and "Millions of Years" temple. We know that he only ruled for about ten years, and was faced with attacks
by Libyans and an uprising in Nubia that distracted him from his personal monuments.
We see all of this reflected in his tomb. Both decoratively and architecturally, the tomb is of higher quality and more impressive, echoing that of
his fathers tomb, near the entrance and into the first half of the structure. However, the deeper one travels within the tomb, the simpler and less
sophisticated it becomes. For example, towards the entrance of the tomb the decorations are excellent bas-reliefs, while further into the tomb the
decorations are cruder, thought the techniques used are much faster. Obviously, Merneptah felt he was running out of time, which we know today to be
true.
General Site Information
Structure: KV 8
Location: Valley of the Kings, East Valley, Thebes West Bank, Thebes
Owner: Merenptah
Other designations: 14 [Hay], 8 [Lepsius], D, plan B [Pococke], I [Burton], IIIe
Tombeau ΰ l'ouest [Description]
Site type: Tomb
Orientation
Axis in degrees: 280.85
Axis orientation: West
Site Location
Latitude: 25.44 N
Longitude: 32.36 E
Elevation: 178.964 msl
North: 99,599.361
East: 94,003.743
JOG map reference: NG 36-10
Modern governorate: Qena (Qina)
Ancient nome: 4th Upper Egypt
Surveyed by TMP: Yes
Measurements
Maximum height: 6.46 m
Minimum width: 0.75 m
Maximum width: 14.86 m
Total length: 164.86 m
Total area: 772.54 m²
otal volume: 2622.08 m³
Additional Tomb Information
Entrance location: Hillside
Owner type: King
Entrance type: Staircase
Interior layout: Corridors and chambers
Axis type: Straight
Decoration
Graffiti
Painting
Raised relief
Sunk relief
Categories of Objects Recovered
Tomb equipment
Vessels
Writing equipment
Dating
New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, Merenptah
Graeco-Roman Era
Byzantine Period
History of Exploration
* Pococke, Richard (1737-1738): Mapping/planning
* Napoleonic Expedition (1799): Mapping/planning
* Burton, James (1825): Mapping/planning
* Hay, Robert (1825-1835): Mapping/planning
* Lane, Edward William (1826-1827): Visit
* Franco-Tuscan Expedition (1828-1829): Epigraphy
* Lepsius, Carl Richard (1844-1845): Excavation
* Carter, Howard (1903-1904): Conservation (installation of iron gate, brick entry stairs and lighting)
* Carter, Howard (1903-1904): Excavation (discovery of fragments of sarcophagi, canopic chest and shabtis)
* Brock, Edwin C. (1985-1988): Excavation (of shaft in well chamber E and floor pit in burial chamber J)
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
MR2 club Greece & MR2 club U.K. - International Corfu Meeting 01/05 - 08/05/2009
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| Εστάλη στις 23-9-2003 στις 10:41 |
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Amenmesse (Menmire)
1203 - 1200 B.C.
19th Dynasty
Amenmesses is generally considered to be the 5th ruler of Egypt's 19th Dynasty, though most Egyptologists believe he was probably not the
legitimate heir to the throne. He succeeded Merneptah as pharaoh, but it was probably Merneptah's son, prince Seti-Merneptah who should
have ascended the throne on his father's death. Various theories exist about why he did not. It is very possible that Merenptah may have
died suddenly while the crown prince was away, and Amenmesses simply took advantage of the situation. Interesting, but not unpredictable, is that this
disorder came only a generation after the strong, but long rule of Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great).
However, it is also very likely that Seti-Merneptah was no other then Seti II, who ruled Egypt just after Amenmesses. It was probably Seti II who
scraped the images and inscriptions from that kings monuments, and otherwise usurped Amenmesses' building projects. Therefore, very little is
known about this king, who apparently ruled for three or four years. Various Egyptologists give him a reign from between 1202 - 1199 BC and 1203 -
1200 BC.
Amenmesses would have been his birth name, but a Greek version. Manetho called him Ammenemes and assigned five years
to his rule, though we may also find his named as Amenmeses. His Egyptian name was probably Heqa-waset, which means "Fashioned by Amun,
Ruler of Thebes". His throne name was Men-mi-re Setep-en-re, meaning "Eternal like Re, Chosen by Re".
It was long believed that Amenmesses was a son of Merneptah by a queen Takhat, though really his origins are unknown, and that he probably married a
woman named Baktwerel. However, some Egyptologists have suggested that Takhat and Baktwerel were actually the mother and wife of Ramesses IX.
Originally, his parentage was based on the fact that there were scenes and inscriptions related to these two women in Amenmesses tomb, but recent
excavations seem to indicate that the tomb, originally meant for Amenmesses was actually usurped for these women. If so, this would probably negate
any argument of them being his mother and wife.
There is enough confusion surrounding Amenmesses that some Egyptologists actually place his rule after that of Seti II. Yet, Seti II's name has
been written over the name of Amenmesses in several Theban locations, it is generally believed that Seti II succeeded him. Still others
believe that Amenmesses usurped Seti II in the middle of Seti II's reign, sometime between years three and five of his rule, which would seem
more probable then him ruling after Seti II. It is also possible that Amenmesses only ruled the southern parts of Egypt during Seti IIs
reign. If this is true, he may have been a vizier over Nubia named Messui during the time of Merneptah, but this theory has recently been called into
question. There has even been speculation that a queen Ti'a, supposed mother of Saptah, the penultimate ruler of the dynasty, may have been a
wife of Amenmeses, thus making him the father of the successor to Sety II as part of a rival dynastic branch.
It should also be noted that Amenmesses usurped a number of preexisting monuments himself, and though we now believe that tomb KV 10 in the Valley of
the Kings was originally began by this king, little other building work exists. Inscriptions bearing his name are mostly only found in Upper Egyptian
sites, primarily in the Theban region and in Nubia. These include inscriptions at Karnak, a dedication inscription at the small temple at Medinet
Habu, an inscriptions at a chapel at Deir el-Medine and a stela found at Buhen. Perhaps as many as six quartzite statues originally placed along the
axis of the hypostyle hall in the Amun Temple at Karnak are thought to be his, though these were also usurped (in the name of Seti II). However, one
of these statues thought to belong to Amenmesses has an inscription bearing the title, "the Great Royal Wife" Takhat, lending support to
the argument that she actually was his wife. Amenmesses was also, among others, responsible for restoration work on a barque shrine dating from
Tuthmosis III that stands before a small temple at Tod.
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
MR2 club Greece & MR2 club U.K. - International Corfu Meeting 01/05 - 08/05/2009
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| Εστάλη στις 23-9-2003 στις 10:55 |
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KV10, The Tomb of Amenmesses, Valley of the Kings, Thebes
Amenmesses' tomb cannot be visited as it is being excavated, and unless some sort of amazing recovery process is discovered, it may never be a
popular tourist attraction. The tomb, located in the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank at Luxor (ancient Thebes) is mostly incomplete, and
much of its decorations have been destroyed.
The tomb has been known since antiquity, and there are signs that it has been visited from classical times. Pococke noted it on hs map of the area in
1743 and it was examined by Burton and Hays, Champollion, Lepsius and Wilkinson during the early 19th century. The decorations of the tomb were mostly
recorded and published by Edgene Lefebure in 1883. In the excavation season of 1907 Edward Ayrton used the tomb's corridor as a dinning or work
room.
However, full scale investigation of the tomb is currently underway by Otto Schaden as a project of the University of Arizona and the University of
Memphis. There is little doubt that the results will shed light on this dim corner of Egyptian history. It would seem though, at the moment, that we
still do not know whether Amenmesses was ever interred here, or the actual relationship he might have had with Takhat and Baketwerel, for whom part of
the tomb was redecorated.
The tomb is a fairly simple affair, and as stated, unfinished. Three descending corridors lead down to a room where the ritual shaft
was to be dug, but never was. Within these corridors, we find scenes of king Amenmesses (destroyed) before Re-Horakhty, passages (scenes) from the
Litany of Re, the Amduat and in the well room, a scene of Takhat making offerings before deities.
Ruined scene depicting Amenmesses
After the shaft room, where the tomb becomes level, is the first four pillared hall, with several more scenes. They include Baketwerel making
offerings before the gods, and scenes from the Book of the Dead. To the west of the four pillared hall is an unfinished annex. The ceiling of
this chamber has been penetrated by the tomb of Ramesses III (KV 11). The original decorative program of the tomb never reached beyond the
four pillared hall, though up to that point it was almost identical to that found in the tomb of Merenptah (KV 8). Later, the outer corridors, shaft
room and four pillared hall were plastered over and redecorated for Takhat and Baketwere, who we know were royal women. We just do not know their
exact position in regards to their son and husband, because the redecoration calls into question their relationship to Amenmesses. Some of this later
decoration has fallen off, so that now we find some of the original and some of the later decorations.
After the four pillared hall there is another corridor leading to the burial chamber. However, the burial chamber is in reality another
corridor that was adapted as for this purpose.
There were three mummies found within the tomb including those of two women and a man. They have never been identified. However,
fragments of canopic jars and part of a red granite sarcophagus lid, usurped itself from someone named Anketemheb, both inscribed with the name of
Takhat, probably indicate that at least she was buried here, so one of the mummies may be hers. Little else has been found (and at least reported at
this time). Much of what was found within the tomb was actually intrusive, including fragmentary shabti figures from Seti I, sarcophagus
fragments of Ramesses VI and a few other items.
General Site Information
Structure: KV 10
Location: Valley of the Kings, East Valley, Thebes West Bank, Thebes
Owner: Amenmeses
Other designations: 10 [Lepsius], 16 [Hay], 4e Tombeau ΰ l'est [Description], G
[Burton], L, plan L [Pococke]
Site type: Tomb
Orientation
Axis in degrees: 191.04
Axis orientation: South
Site Location
Latitude: 25.44 N
Longitude: 32.36 E
Elevation: 174.445 msl
North: 99,552.060
East: 94,071.652
JOG map reference: NG 36-10
Modern governorate: Qena (Qina)
Ancient nome: 4th Upper Egypt
Surveyed by TMP: Yes
Measurements
Maximum height: 3.84 m
Minimum width: 0.98 m
Maximum width: 9.47 m
Total length: 105.34 m
Total area: 350.27 m²
Total volume: 821.23 m³
Additional Tomb Information
Entrance location: Base of sloping hill
Owner type: King
Entrance type: Ramp
Interior layout: Corridors and chambers
Axis type: Straight
Decoration
Graffiti
Painting
Raised relief
Sunk relief
Categories of Objects Recovered
Tomb equipment
Vessels
Dating
New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, Amenmeses
New Kingdom, Dynasty 20, (tomb re-used for burial of Queen Takhat and Baketwerel)
Graeco-Roman Era
History of Exploration
* Pococke, Richard (1737-1738): Mapping/planning
* Burton, James (1825): Mapping/planning ( to rear of tomb)
* Wilkinson, John Gardner (1825-1828): Mapping/planning
* Hay, Robert (1825-1835): Mapping/planning
* Franco-Tuscan Expedition (1828-1829): Epigraphy
* Lepsius, Carl Richard (1844-1845): Epigraphy (copying of scenes in gates B, E and F and dry squeezes of Baketwerel)
* Lefιbure, Eugene (1883): Epigraphy
* Ayrton, Edward Russell (1907): Excavation (most of corridor B for Theodore M. Davis)
* Schaden, Otto J. (1992-1999): Excavation (clearance from gate C to end of tomb)
* Schaden, Otto James (1997-2000): Conservation
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| Εστάλη στις 26-9-2003 στις 09:46 |
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Seti II (Userkheperuresetepenre)
1200 - 1194 B.C.
19th Dynasty
Seti II was probably the fifth or sixth king of Egypt's 19th Dynasty, depending on the treatment we give Amenmessses who may have ruled before,
concurrently or even after him (though that is less likely). Seti (mer-en-ptah) was this king's birth name, meaning
"He of the god Seti, Beloved of Ptah". He is also sometimes referred to by his Greek name, Sethos II. His throne
name was User-kheperu-re Setep-en-re, meaning "Powerful are the Manifestations of Re, Chosen of Re".
It was not unusual in ancient Egypt for the successful, long reign of a king to be followed by succession problems. Of course, few kings had a longer,
more successful reign than Ramesses II, and when he died, he left a son who was now old himself as the new King. This was Merneptah, who was almost
certainly the father of Seti II. We believe that an usurper named Amenemesses probably ruled either before him, or concurrently with Seti II during
the early part of his rule. It may have been Amenemesses who erased the name of Seti II in his tomb and elsewhere, but it was likewise Seti II who
probably did likewise to the names and images of Amenemesses after taking complete control of Egypt. We believe that Seti may have only reigned for
about six years, from about 1199 until 1193 BC.
We do know that Seti II took at least three wives, consisting of Takhat II, Tausret and Tiaa (Sutailja??). Tausret apparently was the mother of his
oldest son and heir named Seti-Merenptah, but that child did not live to inherit the throne. Instead, it was Siptah, a younger son who
replaced the king, though probably only as a child under Tausret's regency even though his mother is considered to have been Queen Tiaa.
In fact, Tausret appears to have outlived this young king, taking full possession of the throne herself with full royal titles much
as Hatshepsut had done some 300 years earlier.
Seti II's reign was apparently relatively peaceful. We have no evidence of foreign policy during his reign, though there was
probably activity at the mines around Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai. He made a number of claims regarding building projects, though there is little
indication that his words translate into physical accomplishments. We find surviving trances of his work at Hermopolis, where he apparently finished
some decorations in his grandfather's, Ramesses II, temple. He also did some work in Karnak, where he was probably responsible for a new way
station of the sacred barks in the First Court of the temple of Amun-Re, and he probably also completed some work in the temple of Mut.
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
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| Εστάλη στις 26-9-2003 στις 09:59 |
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KV15, the Tomb of Seti II, Valley of the Kings, Thebes
KV15, the tomb of Seti II, has been known since antiquity and must have lied open during most of the classical period, judging from the 59 Greek and
Latin graffiti found on its walls. The tomb was investigated superficially by Pococke, along with others who followed after him. However, it was
Howard Carter who cleared most of the tomb between 1903 and 1904, though apparently the ritual well was never excavated. One may find the entrance to
KV15, rather than having steps cut below a retaining wall, directly quarried into the base of an almost vertical cliff face at the head of the wadi
running south west from the main Valley of the Kings on the West Bank at Luxor (ancient Thebes). However, at present the tomb has been temporarily
closed to allow the installation of new flooring, hand rails and lighting. It is expected to soon.
The history of the tomb is really unknown at this time. It is very likely that Seti II may have originally been buried with his wife, Tausret,
in her tomb and later moved to this tomb which appears to have been hastily and incompletely finished, by Sethnakht (Setakht). In fact, the
tomb may have originally been started for Seti II but the work interrupted at some point. This may have had to do with the reign of Amenmeses, if that
king ruled concurrently with Seti II rather than before him. It appears that within the tomb, Seti's name was carved, erased, and then
carved out once again. The erasure may be attributable to Amenmeses, or possibly to Saptah. It has been suggested that his wife Tausert then
had her husband's name restored.
The tomb, which takes a Northwest to Southeast axis, consists of a short entryway corridor followed by three long corridors in turn followed by a well
room. The well room then communicates with a four pillared hall and then a makeshift burial chamber, formed from what would have been another
corridor, where the king's sarcophagus was located.
This tomb is literally a straight shot leading 75.38 meters into the cliff face with only a mild descent for the most part leading about 6.53 meters
deep, and with no lateral rooms. However, a rectangular niche on the right side of the pillared hall may mark the location where the usual annex would
have been cut. Missing also is the high trapezoidal niches often found at the beginning of the third corridor.
 
Much of the painted decoration is intact and the plaster appears to be relatively stable. None of the well-preserved relief was ever
painted. Breaks in the surface of the walls have recently been filled in by Antiquities Inspectorate restorers. Due to the hurried completion of the
tomb, decorations in clearly take two forms. While those in the initial part of the tomb are well formed using both sunk and raised reliefs, they give
way to less accomplished work executed in paint only deeper within the tomb, with the four pillared hall being the only exception. There, the
decorations again revert to sunk reliefs, though paint was not always applied. In some of the deepest corridors, only preliminary sketches were made
on the plaster surface. Throughout the tomb, even including the first corridor where we find the raised and sunk reliefs, there are stylistic
differences within the craftsmanship of the work that might suggest the use of different artisans.
While the tomb may have been unfinished, unusually, the walls of the entrance were carefully smoothed and covered with a layer of white plaster, as
elsewhere within the tomb. However, no decorative theme was applied to the entrance and entrance corridor walls.
However, in the next, longer corridor (Corridor One) on the doorway lintel is depicted the kneeling goddesses Isis and Nephthys, and between them a
sun disk with a scarab and a ram headed god. Inscribed on the jambs of the doorway are the names of Seti II with an image of Ma'at, also shown
kneeling. Within this corridor, are depictions of Seti II making offerings to Re-Horakhty and offering vases to Nefertem followed by the initial
passages of the Litany of Re on the east wall. The scene of Seti II and Nefertem were cut over the original opening vignette of the Litany of Ray
which was then reinscribed further down the corridor. On the west wall are scenes of Sokar and Seti II making offerings of incense and libations to
Re-Horakhty. The remainder of the corridor continues with the tests of the Litany of Re. On the ceiling of this corridor we find painted flying
vultures, some with the head of a cobra and not completely painted. Between the vultures the king's name is inscribed, and along the edges of the
ceiling are texts relating to Osiris and Re-Horakhty.
The scenes on the next two corridors are oriented towards the rear of the tomb on the eastern walls, while on the west they run towards the
tomb's entrance.
Over the outer lintel of the second corridor is found a winged disk, while on the doorjambs the Litany of Re is continued. On the walls within this
corridor, the decorative theme is executed in red, preliminary sketches only. On the east wall we find Seti II making offerings to Re-Horakhty, while
on the west wall he makes an offering to Sokar. The remainder of this corridor continues with sections of the Litany of Re, including the 75 forms of
the sun god. Further on, we also find the second and third hours of the Amduat on both the east and west walls. In this corridor, the ceiling once
again portrays Isis and Nephthys, this time as kites, on either side of a sun disk containing the ram headed bird representing the ba (soul) of Re.
This scene is followed by more text from the Litany of Re. Stars were to have filled the remainder of the ceiling, but were never completely rendered.
The outer lintel of the third corridor is decorated with a winged disk, while on the door jams we find the names and a depiction of Seti II. Within
this corridor, the east wall is inscribed with representations from the fourth hour of the Amduat, while the west wall depicts the fifth hour.
Double scene of Seti II making offerings
Within the well room (ritual shaft) the niches at the entrance are, for the first time, fully cut. Here, an innovation is the depiction of various
divine statues, many imitations of actual wooden figures similar to those found in the tomb of Tutankhamun. Normally we would find the depiction of
protective deities such as the Four Sons of Horus and the related goddesses, but for unexplained reasons these figures have been omitted.
The walls within the four pillared chamber are rendered with the fourth and fifth divisions of the Book of Gates. On the rear wall is a double scene
of Seti II offering an image of Ma'at and two vases to Osiris. Here, the pillars depict Seti II, Horus-Iwn-mutef, Ptah, who is in a shrine, along
with other deities. The innovative decorations on the pillars, which have only one figure on each side and two adjacent sides forming a "scene,
was a development used consistently from this time forward.
 
Scenes from within the Well Room
Finally, in the makeshift burial chamber are several registers. The upper of these contain images of Anubis the jackal on a shrine and two rows of
deities representing the followers of Re and Osiris. On the lower registers are scenes of mummified figures on snake style beds representing the fifth
division of the Book of Gates. Along the length of the ceiling is Nut, with down swept wings, and above her head perhaps the remains of depictions of
ba of Re. James Burton tells us that :
"It seems they bought in the body before the tomb was finished and then went on working - a large figure of a Deity with outspread
wings painted on the ceiling of above the sarcophagus - very rough. Some beautifully drawn figures of the king in red lines."
 
Not much in the way of funerary equipment was discovered within this tomb, and the body of Seti II had been removed during antiquity to the
tomb of Amenhotep II (KV35), along with the mummies of other royalty, for safe keeping. Fragments of his red granite sarcophagus lid were
present within this tomb, but no trance of the actual box was ever discovered. These fragments remain in the tomb, and have been restored and placed
on supports so as to suggest the original appearance of the sarcophagus. On the top of this sarcophagus is an Osirian depiction of Seti II, while the
goddess Nut stretches across the reverse side. Unfortunately, the top of the lid is missing, along with the face of the king. However, the head of the
goddess Nut is now in the Egyptian collection at the Louvre in Paris. Because this is the smallest of any New Kingdom sarcophagus ever
discovered, it has been suggested by Aidan Dodson that it might in fact have been meant to nest within a larger sarcophagus, similar to that of
Ramesses III.
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
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| Εστάλη στις 26-9-2003 στις 10:04 |
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General Site Information
Structure: KV 15
Location: Valley of the Kings, East Valley, Thebes West Bank, Thebes
Owner: Seti II
Other designations: 10 [Champollion], 15 [Lepsius], 21, T [Hay], B [Burton], I, plan H
[Pococke], VIe Tombeau ΰ l'ouest [Description]
Site type: Tomb
Orientation
Axis in degrees: 223.75
Axis orientation: Southwest
Site Location
Latitude: 25.44 N
Longitude: 32.36 E
Elevation: 192.62 msl
North: 99,355.431
East: 94,001.317
JOG map reference: NG 36-10
Modern governorate: Qena (Qina)
Ancient nome: 4th Upper Egypt
Surveyed by TMP: Yes
Measurements
Maximum height: 3.5 m
Mininum width: 2.17 m
Maximum width: 8.06 m
Total length: 88.65 m
Total area: 298.11 m²
Total volume: 816.53 m³
Additional Tomb Information
Entrance location: Base of sheer cliff
Owner type: King
Entrance type: Ramp
Interior layout: Corridors and chambers
Axis type: Straight
Decoration
Graffiti
Painting
Raised relief
Sunk relief
Categories of Objects Recovered
Human mummies
Tomb equipment
Dating
New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, Seti II
Graeco-Roman Era
New Kingdom, Dynasty 19
History of Exploration
* Pococke, Richard (1737-1738): Mapping/planning
* Napoleonic Expedition (1799): Mapping/planning
* Burton, James (1825): Mapping/planning
* Franco-Tuscan Expedition (1828-1829): Epigraphy
* Lepsius, Carl Richard (1844-1845): Epigraphy
* Carter, Howard (1903-1904): Excavation
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
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| Εστάλη στις 3-10-2003 στις 15:56 |
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Siptah (Akhenresetepenre)
1194 - 1188 B.C.
19th Dynasty
Siptah (mer-en-ptah), who's name means "Son of Ptah, Beloved of Ptah", was the son of Seti II and Queen Tiaa. This
throne name was Akh-en-re Setep-en-re, meaning Beautiful for Re, Chosen by Re. Apparently he was not very chosen, for he suffered the
deformity of a club foot. His reign lasted from about 1193 until 1187 BC.
Like his father we know precious little about Siptah, though perhaps, there is little for us to know. He was probably the seventh ruler of
Egypt's 19th Dynasty, though in fact he may have never actually ruled at all. He was questionably the second son of Seti II, by Tiaa, a
relatively minor queen, and came to the throne because his older brother, Seti-Merenptah, died prior to the death of Seti II.
However, he apparently inherited the throne while still a minor and it was his stepmother, Tausert, along with her Chancellor
("kingmaker" Bay) who actually controlled Egypt during the kings short life. Siptah seems to have died in the 6th year of his
reign, after which his stepmother took full royal titles.
Like his father, or perhaps even because of his father, his tomb was entered shortly after his death and his cartouches were erased, though they were
subsequently restored, possibly by Chancellor Bay but that is by no means proven.
Besides his tomb number KV47 in the Valley of the Kings, Siptah is also attested to by the Bilgar stele, the burial of an Apis bull dated to the king,
and an inscription at Buhen.
Siptah's deformed feet
Queen of the two Lands, Lady of Abu Simbel, Daughter of Isis, High-priestess of Hathor.
MR2 club Greece & MR2 club U.K. - International Corfu Meeting 01/05 - 08/05/2009
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